WEBVTT 1 00:00:10.170 --> 00:00:12.060 Today, we have 2 00:00:13.200 --> 00:00:16.380 John Soures here. And he's going to tell us about the history of 3 00:00:16.380 --> 00:00:19.020 Lasers at LLE, and he's going to concentrate on your 4 00:00:19.020 --> 00:00:25.350 period between 1965 to 1995. So just a few words about John. You 5 00:00:25.350 --> 00:00:28.200 know, he's the manager of the national laser uses facility 6 00:00:28.200 --> 00:00:31.800 here at the LLE. And he's also the coordinator of external 7 00:00:31.800 --> 00:00:32.520 users 8 00:00:33.540 --> 00:00:39.120 of the Omega laser system. Since joining the laboratory in 1970, 9 00:00:39.120 --> 00:00:41.430 and becoming a senior scientist in 1972, 10 00:00:42.510 --> 00:00:46.950 John has held a variety of leadership positions, 11 00:00:47.280 --> 00:00:51.090 group leader for class laser development and laser fusion 12 00:00:51.480 --> 00:00:54.990 experiments groups, Deputy Director for LLE director 13 00:00:54.990 --> 00:00:59.070 of the experimental division and Deputy Project Manager for NIF 14 00:00:59.160 --> 00:01:00.120 at LLE 15 00:01:01.440 --> 00:01:06.720 so he received his BS from the University of Rochester in 1965, 16 00:01:07.800 --> 00:01:12.150 an MS in mechanical engineering and aerospace sciences 1967, and 17 00:01:12.150 --> 00:01:16.530 then a PhD in the same department in 1970. He has 18 00:01:16.530 --> 00:01:20.070 authored and co authored or presented more than 250 19 00:01:20.070 --> 00:01:23.580 publications and technical papers, and he's the CO inventor 20 00:01:23.580 --> 00:01:28.140 of pre laser technology patents. So let's welcome Jonathan. 21 00:01:35.160 --> 00:01:37.080 Before we start, I just want to point out that 22 00:01:38.190 --> 00:01:41.070 I approach this task with a bit of trepidation. 23 00:01:43.350 --> 00:01:46.170 Because as most of you know, if you try to do a 24 00:01:47.280 --> 00:01:51.480 past history, you're almost always gonna wind up making some 25 00:01:51.510 --> 00:01:57.690 mistakes, omissions and gross distortions. And I apologize for 26 00:01:57.690 --> 00:01:59.550 those from the beginning. 27 00:02:00.840 --> 00:02:04.500 I'm sure that many will point them out to me as we go along, 28 00:02:04.560 --> 00:02:06.330 perhaps might wait until the end. 29 00:02:08.639 --> 00:02:12.869 So I decided to concentrate on the first 30 years because I 30 00:02:12.869 --> 00:02:14.189 felt that in order to do 31 00:02:15.240 --> 00:02:16.860 an even cursory glance, 32 00:02:18.870 --> 00:02:20.070 this institution 33 00:02:22.410 --> 00:02:25.290 could not really be fit into an hour timescale. 34 00:02:26.760 --> 00:02:30.150 And even if that there are a number of elements, so that the 35 00:02:30.150 --> 00:02:35.370 moment that in detail, could use a full presentation themselves, 36 00:02:35.370 --> 00:02:38.010 and they speak to things like Goslar development, 37 00:02:39.300 --> 00:02:40.680 practice and lockpick sets. 38 00:02:42.030 --> 00:02:47.100 And someone knows, I think, perhaps, we can encourage and 39 00:02:47.100 --> 00:02:51.720 take some of the participants to think about think that offer a 40 00:02:51.720 --> 00:02:53.790 future presentation. 41 00:02:55.170 --> 00:02:56.340 So food for thought. 42 00:02:58.170 --> 00:03:00.840 I mean, just start off by pointing out that just you've 43 00:03:00.840 --> 00:03:05.070 got an analog scale, the history of lasers, it only can be 44 00:03:05.070 --> 00:03:08.790 presented as a caliber tripod, learning products. 45 00:03:09.870 --> 00:03:14.310 And it's more or less linear, starting from about 100 46 00:03:14.310 --> 00:03:19.320 gigawatts back in the mid 60s To where we hope to be an area of 47 00:03:19.320 --> 00:03:21.120 federal law in a few years. 48 00:03:22.230 --> 00:03:25.230 The period that we'll concentrate for this 49 00:03:25.230 --> 00:03:28.950 presentation is was clearly a period where we went from 100 50 00:03:28.950 --> 00:03:30.930 gigawatts to about 100 counts. 51 00:03:34.350 --> 00:03:37.290 First of all electric knowledge, a number of people have 52 00:03:37.290 --> 00:03:42.450 contributed to this talk, starting with Bob to a party who 53 00:03:43.140 --> 00:03:47.640 wrote a an interesting history of personal history 54 00:03:48.810 --> 00:03:52.230 of himself as well as the last for a contribution to an 55 00:03:52.230 --> 00:03:58.020 upcoming book. So last year, and I used a lot of the background 56 00:03:58.020 --> 00:04:00.120 from that to structure some of 57 00:04:01.800 --> 00:04:04.530 the only publication side illustrations unfortunately, 58 00:04:05.070 --> 00:04:09.750 distributed commencing in terms of doing all the frustrations 59 00:04:10.320 --> 00:04:11.880 scanning require. 60 00:04:13.680 --> 00:04:19.050 The presentation is replete with process by Eugene koala. I'm not 61 00:04:19.050 --> 00:04:22.350 sure how many pictures that are in there. Eugene did not 62 00:04:23.100 --> 00:04:23.790 probably not 63 00:04:25.590 --> 00:04:27.060 perhaps the very early ones. 64 00:04:28.740 --> 00:04:32.880 There's a book came out for the 75th anniversary of the use of 65 00:04:32.880 --> 00:04:37.770 optics that I've used for some of the material. The books 66 00:04:37.770 --> 00:04:41.550 called Julian, you may have seen that the notes were invisible. 67 00:04:42.990 --> 00:04:47.010 Some of the photography and illustrations from the older 68 00:04:48.000 --> 00:04:50.820 from the earlier years are now stored as Department of 69 00:04:50.820 --> 00:04:53.280 workbooks and Special Collections of the University of 70 00:04:53.280 --> 00:04:58.320 Rochester libraries. And finally, I would be remiss if I 71 00:04:58.320 --> 00:04:59.970 didn't point out the number of keys 72 00:05:00.000 --> 00:05:05.280 over here, Mayor Jack Kelly, Joe Altenburg made Monaco secret 73 00:05:05.280 --> 00:05:09.750 John showing just for an hour, and others have contributed the 74 00:05:09.750 --> 00:05:13.620 thoughts and material actually actually brought 75 00:05:15.839 --> 00:05:18.659 the class that he uses for millions of tourists and John 76 00:05:18.659 --> 00:05:20.249 Sean running 77 00:05:22.980 --> 00:05:26.490 his collection that you'll see later on in the photograph. 78 00:05:29.430 --> 00:05:32.880 As a preface, I just thought for you these few thoughts here, 79 00:05:33.810 --> 00:05:38.100 been taken seriously, but they, I think they do express some of 80 00:05:38.100 --> 00:05:38.490 the 81 00:05:39.720 --> 00:05:41.520 background of the laboratory 82 00:05:42.660 --> 00:05:48.870 in terms of imagination in terms of creativity, in the fear of 83 00:05:48.930 --> 00:05:53.190 being wrong. And in terms of 84 00:05:54.270 --> 00:05:57.000 problems and opportunities, check a developer that 85 00:05:59.580 --> 00:06:03.420 first of all, considered at some kind of a context that point out 86 00:06:03.420 --> 00:06:09.840 that lasers have their beginning probably in the 20th century 87 00:06:09.840 --> 00:06:14.130 back in 1917, Einstein came up with the concept of stimulated 88 00:06:14.130 --> 00:06:20.100 emission. Nothing doesn't happen much in terms of actually making 89 00:06:20.100 --> 00:06:25.710 a realizable system that made use of this constant for the 50s 90 00:06:25.740 --> 00:06:29.220 When some people that were working with microwave radar 91 00:06:29.220 --> 00:06:32.850 during the war years, turned their attention to his current 92 00:06:32.850 --> 00:06:37.200 subjects. And he came up with the idea of the maser microwave 93 00:06:37.260 --> 00:06:38.610 amplification by 94 00:06:41.280 --> 00:06:43.590 making a tungsten shell on myself and put 95 00:06:44.820 --> 00:06:47.940 those two groups independently came up with this and 96 00:06:49.140 --> 00:06:53.760 broke off from awarded the Nobel Prize 1964 for the major 97 00:06:53.760 --> 00:06:54.360 concept. 98 00:06:55.380 --> 00:06:58.200 Later on in 1958. The optical 99 00:06:59.340 --> 00:07:06.480 analog of this was devised by Collins in shallow and SHOT Show 100 00:07:06.480 --> 00:07:11.940 out with Tom's brother and Nicholas blurb were 101 00:07:12.990 --> 00:07:17.400 joined in a part of the Nobel Prize in 1981. For their 102 00:07:17.400 --> 00:07:19.470 contributions to this 103 00:07:21.270 --> 00:07:21.900 convention. 104 00:07:25.290 --> 00:07:32.910 In 1958, Gordon Gould came up with ideas that wanted to be 105 00:07:32.910 --> 00:07:33.750 latest patents. 106 00:07:35.220 --> 00:07:39.630 It wasn't submitted early enough to be accepted as as a patent 107 00:07:39.630 --> 00:07:43.530 for laser early on. And most people I think, 108 00:07:45.180 --> 00:07:50.070 compared to others, for instance, in 1960s movie was 109 00:07:51.300 --> 00:07:55.440 demonstrated by Damon Hughes, but 110 00:07:58.140 --> 00:08:03.690 that not persisted in his battle and after almost 20 years of 111 00:08:03.750 --> 00:08:04.440 legal 112 00:08:05.550 --> 00:08:10.800 action, he was awarded the original invention for an 113 00:08:10.800 --> 00:08:11.220 octopus. 114 00:08:12.750 --> 00:08:18.180 And we benefited several million dollars, even after subtracting 115 00:08:18.180 --> 00:08:20.130 all the legal costs mature medicine. 116 00:08:21.720 --> 00:08:24.180 So he is more or less credited. 117 00:08:26.790 --> 00:08:30.510 In 1960, our July demonstrated first guests later 118 00:08:32.940 --> 00:08:39.330 and the 1961 electrolyze Snitzer at American optical invented the 119 00:08:40.020 --> 00:08:43.140 glass laser. And that's where our story began. 120 00:08:45.930 --> 00:08:50.130 Then if you look at where the University of Rochester 121 00:08:51.180 --> 00:08:57.300 is in this area, before I'll leave the majority, 1960 to 65. 122 00:08:57.810 --> 00:09:02.610 There were steps taken, eventually led to where we are 123 00:09:02.610 --> 00:09:05.640 now, mainly in 1960, Hopkins 124 00:09:07.920 --> 00:09:11.280 Hopkins naval war organized the first Rochester conference on 125 00:09:11.280 --> 00:09:16.050 clearance and quantum optics. And that has continued over the 126 00:09:16.050 --> 00:09:22.230 years. Premier conference in this field certainly led to the 127 00:09:23.430 --> 00:09:25.560 establishment of a very intense 128 00:09:26.850 --> 00:09:28.620 working on optics laser. 129 00:09:30.810 --> 00:09:35.730 In 1961, Mike Fischer, who was a student at the time, started 130 00:09:35.730 --> 00:09:39.240 working with Ruby lasers. And he 131 00:09:40.770 --> 00:09:45.990 was intimately involved in the starting of the laboratory by 132 00:09:46.020 --> 00:09:47.610 demonstrating how powerful 133 00:09:50.220 --> 00:09:52.950 a young man who mentally started to laugh watch a movie. 134 00:09:54.990 --> 00:09:58.410 I want to point out that in the early 60s Kodak developed we 135 00:09:58.410 --> 00:09:59.970 have been doing black 136 00:10:00.000 --> 00:10:05.310 Ask the lovin, which they use they have to use for a medical 137 00:10:05.370 --> 00:10:11.010 laser line. One of those pieces of glasses is a couple of foot 138 00:10:11.010 --> 00:10:13.530 long piece here, John shown that 139 00:10:16.410 --> 00:10:19.830 as is the case for many things that Kodak was done over the 140 00:10:19.830 --> 00:10:22.560 years by the mid 60s Kodak competitors. 141 00:10:24.150 --> 00:10:26.910 And the good part of that is this when it came to 142 00:10:26.910 --> 00:10:27.990 beneficiaries, 143 00:10:30.540 --> 00:10:33.660 their amplifiers and a lot of the electronics that went with 144 00:10:33.660 --> 00:10:34.650 it. And 145 00:10:35.730 --> 00:10:41.430 that setup mode, Moshe Lubin who was a young PhD at Cornell, he 146 00:10:41.430 --> 00:10:47.760 came to the University in 1965 and got enamored with lasers 147 00:10:47.760 --> 00:10:51.210 after he saw my crushers demonstrations 148 00:10:52.680 --> 00:10:54.030 to get into 149 00:10:56.790 --> 00:10:59.520 exploring the attraction of lasers. Hi, finally. 150 00:11:03.030 --> 00:11:07.680 He set up a laboratory hopefully building a number of graduate 151 00:11:07.680 --> 00:11:11.100 students, including myself, were involved in the actual 152 00:11:11.280 --> 00:11:15.570 construction of that lab and benefited from the codec 153 00:11:18.930 --> 00:11:23.340 by putting together a series of rapid fires in the last layer, 154 00:11:23.850 --> 00:11:28.050 and what became eventually first laser at all the alpha, 155 00:11:29.250 --> 00:11:31.740 the initial lasers that led emphasized short pulse 156 00:11:31.740 --> 00:11:34.260 capability so there are typically less than 100 pico 157 00:11:34.260 --> 00:11:38.160 second pulse width thermoblock Castlewood mobile like using 158 00:11:38.160 --> 00:11:44.970 these put dye central absorbers. This laser particular was the 159 00:11:46.200 --> 00:11:51.810 thesis topic for Georgian Bay, one of the first students 160 00:11:53.700 --> 00:11:56.190 was jointly supervised by Microsoft in 161 00:11:58.320 --> 00:12:01.020 Georgia, as many as you know, went on to working on similar 162 00:12:01.020 --> 00:12:06.810 noise and then to Douglas has been quite active in developing 163 00:12:09.120 --> 00:12:13.230 many different types and sizes and easily in glass modifiers 164 00:12:13.230 --> 00:12:16.410 were developed at that time. And they're tested 165 00:12:17.730 --> 00:12:19.470 the one year 166 00:12:20.580 --> 00:12:23.670 blow up the Kodak rock single 167 00:12:25.200 --> 00:12:29.760 Black Rod total length, which is approaching 168 00:12:33.000 --> 00:12:37.380 the 38 millimeter rod but one of the other gentlemen who was 169 00:12:37.380 --> 00:12:39.570 working with us at the time there was old lab 170 00:12:40.710 --> 00:12:41.430 design. 171 00:12:42.450 --> 00:12:42.840 This 172 00:12:43.860 --> 00:12:47.460 was 38 millimeters of laser glass. On the outside there was 173 00:12:48.300 --> 00:12:51.090 an absorbing material from one of the six to cut down 174 00:12:51.120 --> 00:12:51.720 parasitics. 175 00:12:54.960 --> 00:12:55.560 And then, 176 00:12:56.580 --> 00:13:01.620 some commercial amplifiers such as this 64 millimeter a hollow 177 00:13:02.430 --> 00:13:06.150 amplifier, which had the unfortunate characteristic of 178 00:13:06.150 --> 00:13:08.940 being pumped into little flashlights or for 179 00:13:10.140 --> 00:13:13.890 every once in a while this underwent a violent explosion. 180 00:13:15.180 --> 00:13:19.470 What you see here are the pieces of this amplifier, you're 181 00:13:20.010 --> 00:13:22.650 interested in looking at this particular piece of sitting on 182 00:13:22.650 --> 00:13:23.250 my desk. 183 00:13:27.390 --> 00:13:30.390 We also explored the possibility of discounts as far as the 184 00:13:30.390 --> 00:13:34.530 notion of particular got a contract with Los Alamos to 185 00:13:34.560 --> 00:13:38.730 demonstrate a discount for fire and I think this idea came from 186 00:13:38.730 --> 00:13:41.670 some work that Livermore was doing the same time and then 187 00:13:41.670 --> 00:13:42.390 some people 188 00:13:43.500 --> 00:13:45.390 and RL John amateur company. 189 00:13:46.470 --> 00:13:47.070 Anyways, 190 00:13:49.140 --> 00:13:53.250 he had this little bit of this system with very long 191 00:13:54.270 --> 00:13:56.640 flash lamps, the whole thing was water cooled. 192 00:13:58.680 --> 00:14:02.550 This young man here is the guy who was in charge of putting 193 00:14:02.550 --> 00:14:04.500 together all this hardware 194 00:14:05.520 --> 00:14:09.390 tronics parties away so those things wonderful years for those 195 00:14:09.390 --> 00:14:09.930 of you who 196 00:14:11.760 --> 00:14:12.060 are 197 00:14:13.290 --> 00:14:13.740 aware of 198 00:14:16.200 --> 00:14:21.540 this particular app fire had one significant drawback that was 199 00:14:21.540 --> 00:14:26.340 not realized until much later with George Bay. Having to be 200 00:14:26.340 --> 00:14:29.400 looking at it on day 17 those angles don't look right. 201 00:14:30.450 --> 00:14:34.740 You know this amplifier, the angle disc is set to the 202 00:14:34.740 --> 00:14:36.600 boosters angle with respect to the beam 203 00:14:38.640 --> 00:14:42.570 reflection losses and it turned out when this was designed as 204 00:14:43.080 --> 00:14:45.210 the discs are set up to complement 205 00:14:47.250 --> 00:14:48.240 a huge loss 206 00:14:56.550 --> 00:14:59.970 laboratory practice was early days was 207 00:15:00.000 --> 00:15:04.350 Look more relaxed, like today's standards aligned around 208 00:15:07.410 --> 00:15:08.400 the students 209 00:15:17.670 --> 00:15:20.820 Georgia debate but you notice that fight 210 00:15:21.960 --> 00:15:22.920 no battles, 211 00:15:24.330 --> 00:15:26.580 political claims that sticks together 212 00:15:29.040 --> 00:15:29.610 typically 213 00:15:31.170 --> 00:15:35.130 the early last year experiments were actually brought stroke of 214 00:15:35.130 --> 00:15:37.290 anything we might use the lasers for. So, 215 00:15:38.670 --> 00:15:42.960 very first we started working with magnetically confinement 216 00:15:42.960 --> 00:15:45.480 devices, there would say, 217 00:15:46.530 --> 00:15:48.360 levitated off 218 00:15:50.490 --> 00:15:56.910 first device filled with little droplets of lithium hydride that 219 00:15:56.910 --> 00:16:02.040 were injected into, blasted with the high powered laser plasma to 220 00:16:02.040 --> 00:16:06.180 fulfill this device confining. For some time, this was done in 221 00:16:06.180 --> 00:16:09.150 collaboration with Oak Ridge National Laboratory. 222 00:16:11.970 --> 00:16:17.430 Another variant that was a baseball coil geometry into 223 00:16:17.430 --> 00:16:23.070 which we've lasted a little target that was suspended by 224 00:16:23.070 --> 00:16:26.460 means of electrodynamic levitation system. So there were 225 00:16:26.460 --> 00:16:30.510 no supports for this. We started to pretty small bucket or 20 226 00:16:30.510 --> 00:16:34.290 microns in diameter. And as usual policy come along and 227 00:16:34.290 --> 00:16:38.400 blast that out there. Many of us watch the expansions plasma 228 00:16:39.120 --> 00:16:39.540 field. 229 00:16:41.370 --> 00:16:44.490 My other experiments as a student was to investigate the 230 00:16:44.490 --> 00:16:48.870 interaction of a release of aluminum laser produce plasma in 231 00:16:48.870 --> 00:16:54.090 the background, quiescent plasma further cesium, inside of the 232 00:16:54.090 --> 00:16:57.750 medical field, and the hope was to generate a coalition of the 233 00:16:57.750 --> 00:17:00.900 shockwaves. Well, they never materialized. But in my thesis 234 00:17:03.780 --> 00:17:09.120 the ultimate laser was operated in hopeless for a number of 235 00:17:09.360 --> 00:17:14.610 experiments from the late 60s to the mid 70s. And you see here 236 00:17:14.610 --> 00:17:17.370 some of the people that were involved in those experiments, 237 00:17:17.370 --> 00:17:22.620 including how Bristow, who was here through the early 80s, and 238 00:17:22.620 --> 00:17:26.910 then went on from his own company, Ellen Howard, who is 239 00:17:26.910 --> 00:17:28.380 now director and yes, you have to 240 00:17:29.670 --> 00:17:31.410 do the same, of course, 241 00:17:32.670 --> 00:17:34.320 as everybody recognizes. 242 00:17:40.260 --> 00:17:42.630 Later fusion with their focus of the work 243 00:17:43.680 --> 00:17:49.680 by the late 60s. And I believe that that was primarily because 244 00:17:49.680 --> 00:17:52.500 of interactions that Moshe was having 245 00:17:53.580 --> 00:17:56.430 classified meetings with Livermore, and then included 246 00:17:56.430 --> 00:18:00.870 participation by Ray theatre, John knuckles, John Boston, who 247 00:18:00.870 --> 00:18:05.910 was kind of the mentor for many of us at that time, in terms of 248 00:18:06.120 --> 00:18:07.740 laser matter interaction, 249 00:18:08.970 --> 00:18:09.750 physics. 250 00:18:11.520 --> 00:18:15.630 Those meetings took place in a lot of the concepts that 251 00:18:15.630 --> 00:18:17.940 eventually led to ICF as we 252 00:18:19.320 --> 00:18:25.560 were formed at that time. Here's a comment from Moshe his oral 253 00:18:25.560 --> 00:18:26.130 history, 254 00:18:27.240 --> 00:18:32.160 who gets credit for a lot of work and then early on at 255 00:18:32.160 --> 00:18:33.720 Livermore particular, 256 00:18:34.770 --> 00:18:37.620 the boldness to start working on this 257 00:18:39.480 --> 00:18:45.420 laser colorbond path lasers have visited that laser back in 1971. 258 00:18:45.510 --> 00:18:45.960 And 259 00:18:47.730 --> 00:18:50.340 it was read or polished actually, by the fact that the 260 00:18:50.340 --> 00:18:52.680 system was set up in old railroad cars. 261 00:18:54.300 --> 00:18:55.530 But that was kind of the 262 00:18:57.540 --> 00:19:01.350 what the head those are the only way they could get up and 263 00:19:01.350 --> 00:19:03.690 running at the same time. They've never really produced 264 00:19:03.690 --> 00:19:07.890 anything of substance but he did act as a germ for their follow 265 00:19:07.890 --> 00:19:11.520 on lasers. So they learned a lot of mistakes from that. 266 00:19:12.720 --> 00:19:15.300 They avoided when they started working on Chiba. 267 00:19:17.940 --> 00:19:19.200 Argus, Mama Russell. 268 00:19:21.120 --> 00:19:23.250 But everything suddenly there was a critical mass of 269 00:19:23.730 --> 00:19:29.070 facilities that was assembled here. And Eloise laboratory for 270 00:19:29.070 --> 00:19:32.520 Laser Energetics was officially established launch. 271 00:19:33.600 --> 00:19:37.320 It was the first of its time of any university in the United 272 00:19:37.320 --> 00:19:42.300 States. The initial operating budget at the time was $200,000 273 00:19:42.300 --> 00:19:46.710 a year. And the sponsors included an array of people 274 00:19:46.710 --> 00:19:49.560 including New York State Science and Technology Foundation, the 275 00:19:49.560 --> 00:19:54.570 NSF agency, the Air Force, our electric power body, in order to 276 00:19:55.680 --> 00:19:59.250 get contributions permitted in the form of laser blasts. 277 00:20:00.000 --> 00:20:04.440 He had entered the faculty and staff and I think right now, 278 00:20:04.920 --> 00:20:08.850 four or five of those people are still with the lab, including 279 00:20:08.850 --> 00:20:11.730 Joe Anderson, who's sitting in the back there. They want to of 280 00:20:11.730 --> 00:20:12.180 course, 281 00:20:14.519 --> 00:20:15.569 Jack had forgotten 282 00:20:16.980 --> 00:20:17.550 those schools. 283 00:20:19.590 --> 00:20:19.950 And 284 00:20:21.540 --> 00:20:22.740 so it's kind of an interesting 285 00:20:24.540 --> 00:20:25.830 thing. Here's the 286 00:20:27.180 --> 00:20:29.220 laboratory later on. 287 00:20:31.140 --> 00:20:37.980 Is it growing already? Probably around three point. He's stable 288 00:20:37.980 --> 00:20:39.300 tables here the same tables 289 00:20:47.760 --> 00:20:53.280 made of making 72 adjoining University industry and state 290 00:20:53.280 --> 00:20:56.790 sponsored fusion entrepreneurs initiated was called me LSVT 291 00:20:56.790 --> 00:20:59.160 project is a future disability project. 292 00:21:00.210 --> 00:21:00.600 First. 293 00:21:03.450 --> 00:21:06.300 admission to the university sponsored a slew of external 294 00:21:06.300 --> 00:21:08.610 research and engineering General Electric northeast. 295 00:21:10.290 --> 00:21:14.190 Research Corporation, New York State, Energy Research and 296 00:21:14.190 --> 00:21:17.520 Development Authority continues as a sponsor to this day. 297 00:21:18.540 --> 00:21:21.510 More sponsors were added later on. But these were the founding 298 00:21:21.510 --> 00:21:26.670 ones for this budget. And by 1972, we have 40 faculty and 299 00:21:26.670 --> 00:21:29.310 staff in total budget of about a million dollars a year. 300 00:21:31.230 --> 00:21:35.250 Early on, it was recognized that the design of such systems How 301 00:21:35.310 --> 00:21:39.840 are you doing less systems, it's a very difficult challenge. This 302 00:21:39.840 --> 00:21:45.360 is the title of the paper that was published on one path system 303 00:21:45.360 --> 00:21:50.280 that Lawrence Livermore moves to some of these personalities. But 304 00:21:50.280 --> 00:21:51.540 here are a couple of highlights 305 00:21:52.620 --> 00:21:56.280 from some of the people were involved in the hillbilly. 306 00:21:58.380 --> 00:22:02.430 Lengyel, who was kind of the textbook author 307 00:22:04.020 --> 00:22:06.900 of the time the operation of laser oscillator and my system 308 00:22:06.900 --> 00:22:09.240 presented a number of solve problems and engineering 309 00:22:09.240 --> 00:22:09.840 students. 310 00:22:12.120 --> 00:22:15.810 who many of you remember, as the 311 00:22:17.430 --> 00:22:23.430 father of the last program, Livermore, the design of such 312 00:22:23.430 --> 00:22:26.940 amplifiers in the development of suitable laser glass has proved 313 00:22:26.940 --> 00:22:29.430 to be a problem. This was 1970. 314 00:22:31.860 --> 00:22:38.010 That doesn't stop us from trying and the 1971 the construction of 315 00:22:39.840 --> 00:22:42.870 the first multi beam laser beam was begun. 316 00:22:44.070 --> 00:22:48.330 This was originally a to b system and then later converted 317 00:22:48.330 --> 00:22:54.660 to a 14 facility. It was housed in a in the back part of Gavin 318 00:22:54.660 --> 00:22:55.170 Hall. 319 00:22:56.760 --> 00:23:02.700 In a in a room that originally housed this large little sphere 320 00:23:02.700 --> 00:23:07.080 patched along two minutes used as a bow down chuck for some 321 00:23:07.080 --> 00:23:10.770 experiments in mechanical engineering department. So one 322 00:23:10.770 --> 00:23:13.350 of the first steps is to get this big ball out of there. 323 00:23:14.670 --> 00:23:18.480 Shown here is myself Glenn Goldman who is so one of the 324 00:23:18.480 --> 00:23:21.750 people that was involved in this project right from the 325 00:23:21.750 --> 00:23:26.610 beginning, originally lent Kayla's a loan from General 326 00:23:26.610 --> 00:23:29.910 Electric one of our sponsors, and eventually he joined 327 00:23:29.910 --> 00:23:30.360 effective 328 00:23:33.240 --> 00:23:33.990 contribution 329 00:23:35.220 --> 00:23:36.690 especially in an experimental area, 330 00:23:37.980 --> 00:23:42.270 everybody in the laboratory work to put this slide together. You 331 00:23:42.270 --> 00:23:45.420 can see some familiar faces here. See name already 332 00:23:46.440 --> 00:23:49.800 a guy with these bacteria here and also here. Some of you may 333 00:23:49.800 --> 00:23:50.520 remember Steve, 334 00:23:52.710 --> 00:23:57.180 who was an engineer at the time at the lab and John booths, who 335 00:23:57.210 --> 00:23:59.760 joined us from the afosr. 336 00:24:02.100 --> 00:24:04.950 In an era where you can see some of the practice of the time 337 00:24:05.040 --> 00:24:09.840 again very non standard by today's means you don't handle 338 00:24:09.840 --> 00:24:11.760 with a glass like this anymore. I hope 339 00:24:15.360 --> 00:24:18.900 Delta has several unique characteristics. First of all, 340 00:24:18.900 --> 00:24:23.340 there were large water cooled right up fires. There was a 341 00:24:24.330 --> 00:24:28.200 superconducting failure up there we for reasons that still 342 00:24:28.200 --> 00:24:28.980 escaped me. 343 00:24:30.120 --> 00:24:33.330 We get enamored with using superconducting Faraday rotator 344 00:24:33.330 --> 00:24:35.520 it's I guess we didn't want to use pulsed ones because it 345 00:24:35.520 --> 00:24:39.810 generates a lot of electrical noise. So and nobody else is 346 00:24:39.810 --> 00:24:42.900 using superconducting very rotators. So we decided 347 00:24:44.670 --> 00:24:46.860 it was a pain in the neck last month. 348 00:24:50.490 --> 00:24:55.770 But here it is back here that's the cryostat for it and every 349 00:24:56.430 --> 00:24:57.420 few days of course. 350 00:25:00.000 --> 00:25:00.120 If 351 00:25:02.070 --> 00:25:05.790 we didn't have cryogenic to target targets, we shot to the 352 00:25:06.150 --> 00:25:12.420 field system for actually extruding sticks in deuterium at 353 00:25:12.420 --> 00:25:17.970 the time. Towards the end of Delta slides, they actually did 354 00:25:18.120 --> 00:25:20.880 some experiments with frequency conversion to the second 355 00:25:20.880 --> 00:25:23.250 harmonic experiments on targets 356 00:25:25.050 --> 00:25:26.490 there's a lot of false shaping work 357 00:25:27.570 --> 00:25:33.300 and there was a little phase to attempt to try to use higher up 358 00:25:33.300 --> 00:25:35.910 rate amplifier in the form of the liquid cooled slab 359 00:25:37.470 --> 00:25:37.950 more about 360 00:25:39.060 --> 00:25:41.730 Well, here's the liquid cooled slap, this was 361 00:25:42.960 --> 00:25:44.310 a device that was 362 00:25:45.420 --> 00:25:49.830 pushed to its origin was General Electric General Electric at the 363 00:25:49.830 --> 00:25:54.150 time had developed a number of military systems for higher 364 00:25:54.150 --> 00:26:00.060 upgrade, use five to 10 hertz eventually, these are used in 365 00:26:00.060 --> 00:26:02.640 things like the range finders 366 00:26:03.720 --> 00:26:07.740 and other applications. So, we decided to scale one of these up 367 00:26:07.800 --> 00:26:09.510 to 110 millimeter 368 00:26:11.490 --> 00:26:12.150 dimension 369 00:26:13.410 --> 00:26:17.340 the head slot slabs in the Adonia was separated from each 370 00:26:17.340 --> 00:26:23.370 other by means of large prisms of optical class and the 371 00:26:23.370 --> 00:26:26.730 intervening spaces were filled with the liquid and very noxious 372 00:26:26.730 --> 00:26:28.770 like fat metal Sulfoxide 373 00:26:30.630 --> 00:26:34.170 which was used as the coolant because it can very close index 374 00:26:34.170 --> 00:26:36.180 of refraction blast 375 00:26:37.320 --> 00:26:41.370 flexible loss, you have a solid number of nasty characteristics, 376 00:26:41.370 --> 00:26:43.560 not the least of which is the fact that it can dissolve 377 00:26:43.560 --> 00:26:44.640 practically anything. 378 00:26:50.610 --> 00:26:54.570 To call on your skin handle readily absorbed through your 379 00:26:54.570 --> 00:26:57.270 system, within a second of putting it under your skin, you 380 00:26:57.270 --> 00:26:58.950 have this taste in your mouth. 381 00:27:02.670 --> 00:27:05.250 People have done tests with this on prisoners 382 00:27:09.240 --> 00:27:12.240 tests have shown that it is not illegal and 383 00:27:14.040 --> 00:27:16.560 for the duration of the prisoner status and until medical 384 00:27:16.560 --> 00:27:23.040 problems. So, we use it early on while telling the 385 00:27:24.390 --> 00:27:27.060 community amplify amplifier everybody was relieved the 386 00:27:29.340 --> 00:27:32.220 main problem with this was the fact that there was such a long 387 00:27:32.220 --> 00:27:38.640 path, but glass and liquid let you get the cell focusing and 388 00:27:38.640 --> 00:27:39.240 scattering 389 00:27:40.680 --> 00:27:43.830 the amplifier he was not really very effective. Also, there was 390 00:27:43.830 --> 00:27:44.490 a very short 391 00:27:45.840 --> 00:27:48.660 performance lifetime initially it had a fairly efficient 392 00:27:48.690 --> 00:27:51.930 company about one and a half percent, hoping that after about 393 00:27:51.930 --> 00:27:55.890 100 or 200, chances are called the pumping service. 394 00:27:58.680 --> 00:28:02.400 Elephant out there were used for a number of players that matter 395 00:28:02.400 --> 00:28:07.920 interaction experiments and show me here is the cryogenic system 396 00:28:07.920 --> 00:28:15.240 that was used in Delta form. These were the characteristics 397 00:28:15.240 --> 00:28:18.240 there are about 400 microns diameter and several millimeters 398 00:28:18.240 --> 00:28:18.630 long. 399 00:28:20.340 --> 00:28:25.890 And number of papers published some of the early absorption and 400 00:28:26.250 --> 00:28:30.570 have electron generation experiments. There are also a 401 00:28:30.570 --> 00:28:34.410 variety of other targets that were investigated that I'm 402 00:28:34.410 --> 00:28:35.760 included listed and derive 403 00:28:37.530 --> 00:28:38.430 their work formed in 404 00:28:39.450 --> 00:28:43.110 kind of shells by going through multiple lines. 405 00:28:44.760 --> 00:28:46.860 And various during and calling. 406 00:28:53.400 --> 00:28:58.350 All of them led us to the appetite to to go to a much 407 00:28:58.350 --> 00:29:02.130 larger system, which is to do really meaningful experiments. 408 00:29:03.120 --> 00:29:07.440 And the beginnings of a much larger laser, which eventually 409 00:29:07.500 --> 00:29:12.690 was called mega was involved in a period of 70 to 75. And 410 00:29:12.690 --> 00:29:15.390 funding was sought from the Energy Research and Development 411 00:29:15.390 --> 00:29:15.870 Authority 412 00:29:17.190 --> 00:29:22.710 agency with funding from Morocco. The requests were met 413 00:29:22.710 --> 00:29:28.500 with resistance from the funding agency and also the lapins 414 00:29:28.500 --> 00:29:33.690 laboratories. They were not very pleased to be an idea of funding 415 00:29:33.690 --> 00:29:39.750 an extra laboratory. They felt that the funding at the time was 416 00:29:41.040 --> 00:29:41.700 particularly 417 00:29:42.780 --> 00:29:46.050 susceptible to having a university that will have a 418 00:29:46.050 --> 00:29:46.530 scenario. 419 00:29:48.300 --> 00:29:52.200 We're fortunate timing and made a couple of congressmen that 420 00:29:52.230 --> 00:29:57.210 were in the the effort transport was in the house Senate 421 00:29:57.420 --> 00:29:58.800 Committee on Public energy 422 00:29:59.880 --> 00:29:59.970 you 423 00:30:00.000 --> 00:30:00.570 Have 424 00:30:01.920 --> 00:30:03.660 he arranged to have led 425 00:30:05.160 --> 00:30:08.040 testifying at one of the hearings, they were having? 426 00:30:09.389 --> 00:30:09.929 Five 427 00:30:11.160 --> 00:30:11.820 on the 428 00:30:13.019 --> 00:30:13.529 program. 429 00:30:14.790 --> 00:30:18.630 Moshe was scheduled to testify, he really wanted us to testify. 430 00:30:18.630 --> 00:30:21.060 And last, that you might have to have the last word of this. 431 00:30:22.080 --> 00:30:26.190 And unfortunately, it's not unfortunately, the committee 432 00:30:26.190 --> 00:30:30.240 scheduled to testify second, the last the last question scheduled 433 00:30:30.300 --> 00:30:34.890 thought was conceivable, who is the president and CEO of Kayla's 434 00:30:34.890 --> 00:30:39.600 fusion, a private firm that was involved in fusion research at 435 00:30:39.600 --> 00:30:40.140 the time. 436 00:30:42.390 --> 00:30:49.050 So Moshe, when I testified, that sat down, and Kip Segal came on 437 00:30:49.170 --> 00:30:53.700 to talk. And within half a minute to minute in his 438 00:30:53.850 --> 00:30:58.020 presentation, he died on the floor of this 439 00:30:59.100 --> 00:31:01.080 committee, he had a stroke. 440 00:31:02.580 --> 00:31:07.260 That meant the hearings were immediately canceled, the jury 441 00:31:08.580 --> 00:31:12.750 but the university's request was accepted. And 442 00:31:14.070 --> 00:31:17.100 you're under No, basically what would have happened your motion 443 00:31:17.100 --> 00:31:20.250 has gotten his wishes testified last, he would never have 444 00:31:20.280 --> 00:31:21.540 testified recently. 445 00:31:24.060 --> 00:31:24.540 Senator 446 00:31:31.170 --> 00:31:32.700 one of the things that 447 00:31:34.230 --> 00:31:35.430 created a little bit of 448 00:31:36.780 --> 00:31:39.630 funding in my with Justing left was programs, they didn't let 449 00:31:39.630 --> 00:31:41.910 any more money into the program to do this 450 00:31:43.020 --> 00:31:44.700 anymore. Rather 451 00:31:46.440 --> 00:31:47.010 remain 452 00:31:48.690 --> 00:31:49.080 in that 453 00:31:50.280 --> 00:31:51.090 for some time. 454 00:31:53.520 --> 00:31:54.120 Face to 455 00:31:55.230 --> 00:31:55.740 teacher 456 00:31:57.930 --> 00:32:00.720 put in a meeting the construction project and your 457 00:32:01.170 --> 00:32:02.280 construction project. 458 00:32:03.510 --> 00:32:05.160 As a performing facility 459 00:32:06.750 --> 00:32:12.270 showing you here with connecting 5g It's been $5 million for the 460 00:32:12.270 --> 00:32:16.920 face to address from 76 to 80. That total went up to about 46 461 00:32:16.920 --> 00:32:17.730 and a half million 462 00:32:19.830 --> 00:32:23.730 principal goal of about appears to explore the feasibility of 463 00:32:23.730 --> 00:32:27.330 cold fusion future energy at source that was what the company 464 00:32:27.330 --> 00:32:29.070 was they were about really painful. 465 00:32:31.680 --> 00:32:34.770 You asarco was looking to provide me 50 million to the 466 00:32:34.770 --> 00:32:40.500 laser. The state was like seven and a half million interest free 467 00:32:40.530 --> 00:32:45.450 loans. They did and then later on the turnaround kind of 468 00:32:45.480 --> 00:32:46.080 forgave them. 469 00:32:48.510 --> 00:32:49.410 Kind of directly. 470 00:32:50.700 --> 00:32:55.800 And by 76, the total faculty and staff but the elite was 100. 471 00:32:57.120 --> 00:33:02.490 This is what they look like. Back in 75. When the 472 00:33:03.690 --> 00:33:04.380 building 473 00:33:05.670 --> 00:33:06.900 construction began. 474 00:33:08.250 --> 00:33:11.550 You see here some familiar faces, it's more digging the 475 00:33:11.580 --> 00:33:16.200 ground. This gentleman over here Steve Jacobs, I kept behind them 476 00:33:16.200 --> 00:33:20.490 in state lot of mill Jason who was the project manager for for 477 00:33:20.490 --> 00:33:22.710 Mega 24 facilities. 478 00:33:23.910 --> 00:33:28.140 Talking about this guy, this was your local buyer who was time to 479 00:33:28.140 --> 00:33:32.940 come to Livermore to be the group leader for externals and 480 00:33:32.940 --> 00:33:35.520 he was doing he was setting up the experiments that are going 481 00:33:35.520 --> 00:33:35.790 on. 482 00:33:38.640 --> 00:33:43.230 decision to proceed to the construction 24 beam system was 483 00:33:43.260 --> 00:33:45.720 not an easy battle, it was actually a pretty tough battle 484 00:33:46.980 --> 00:33:50.160 primarily because of this kind of lawsuit developed towards. 485 00:33:52.560 --> 00:33:53.280 So 486 00:33:55.020 --> 00:33:58.680 there are a number of suggestions, not necessarily 487 00:33:58.680 --> 00:34:03.690 friendly ones, for more variety of alternative ways to spend the 488 00:34:03.690 --> 00:34:09.690 money was putting into the program, such as, instead of 489 00:34:09.690 --> 00:34:12.360 building a point for the system, wouldn't you make a one on 490 00:34:13.500 --> 00:34:17.790 one video or make a one beam laser using this technologies 491 00:34:17.790 --> 00:34:21.840 are mostly purely when I hit the target, you really only need two 492 00:34:21.840 --> 00:34:27.330 means and used to be similar to the ones that they had put it to 493 00:34:27.870 --> 00:34:29.730 pick up the lead time. 494 00:34:30.870 --> 00:34:37.140 So those ideas and those concepts basically created the 495 00:34:37.140 --> 00:34:42.060 need to frequently namely, monkey show trip down to the 496 00:34:42.480 --> 00:34:45.600 town to do battle with DOE 497 00:34:47.280 --> 00:34:53.220 time over these issues. And finally, the agreement was a 498 00:34:53.220 --> 00:34:57.720 concept that we had to choose for me. Give me advice system 499 00:34:58.320 --> 00:34:59.970 and pre prototype 500 00:35:00.000 --> 00:35:01.200 The laser was 501 00:35:02.639 --> 00:35:06.329 rapidly constructed, I mean rapidly, like a year 502 00:35:07.470 --> 00:35:12.270 in a building called lorianne x, which was behind the curtain 503 00:35:12.270 --> 00:35:16.830 boring Hall was originally housed the Brain Research Center 504 00:35:16.830 --> 00:35:21.750 and was acted as the house for all the monkeys that they use to 505 00:35:21.750 --> 00:35:23.490 do brain research program. 506 00:35:24.930 --> 00:35:29.970 They empty that out. The inmate quickly renovated the building, 507 00:35:29.970 --> 00:35:31.230 but the smells 508 00:35:36.810 --> 00:35:40.170 are also given a very tight title because our colleagues, 509 00:35:41.100 --> 00:35:43.590 the donors, the family, 510 00:35:44.820 --> 00:35:48.780 the family, put money into the Wilson comments at the time 511 00:35:49.920 --> 00:35:53.580 did not wish to have this decrepit old building sitting 512 00:35:53.940 --> 00:35:59.370 back in full view of the people inside Molson Commons. So Bob 513 00:35:59.370 --> 00:36:01.320 Straub was president, who, by the way, 514 00:36:02.400 --> 00:36:06.210 was key to the laboratory as those of you who attended the 515 00:36:06.240 --> 00:36:10.470 inauguration of the Elite Eight people found out if it hadn't 516 00:36:10.470 --> 00:36:12.870 been for the Bob, and Tom has 517 00:36:13.920 --> 00:36:19.140 support none of this. But one of the things he made very clear to 518 00:36:19.140 --> 00:36:22.290 us is that you have to be out of that building within a very 519 00:36:22.290 --> 00:36:23.040 short time. 520 00:36:24.240 --> 00:36:28.590 Or else you bring a bulldozer full, those people were stolen. 521 00:36:28.590 --> 00:36:28.770 And 522 00:36:31.290 --> 00:36:36.540 anyhow, the there was a staged approach to the construction of 523 00:36:36.540 --> 00:36:38.040 very frequent reviews. 524 00:36:39.450 --> 00:36:45.000 And here's Mori annex interior, with a bunch of these optical 525 00:36:45.000 --> 00:36:49.380 panels, right into the story about these tables, not these 526 00:36:49.380 --> 00:36:52.710 particular ones, but the ones that originally came to the 527 00:36:52.710 --> 00:36:57.600 company was the engineers, one of the engineers and walked in. 528 00:36:57.720 --> 00:36:58.440 And he ordered a 529 00:37:00.540 --> 00:37:03.000 large number of these tables from a company called Modern 530 00:37:03.000 --> 00:37:06.120 optics. When they arrived, and they started putting them up, 531 00:37:06.150 --> 00:37:09.000 they found that they couldn't level they literally were so 532 00:37:09.000 --> 00:37:13.320 rigid, we were monitored, they have 44 legs. So every time they 533 00:37:13.320 --> 00:37:18.570 got one leg down, the other one was off. So they were just 534 00:37:18.570 --> 00:37:19.530 sitting there rocking, 535 00:37:21.480 --> 00:37:27.090 smokes, and he had a battle going with my office, 536 00:37:27.090 --> 00:37:31.200 eventually, we had to pick them all back and fortunately led to 537 00:37:31.200 --> 00:37:33.150 the demise of modern optics. 538 00:37:36.840 --> 00:37:41.370 So we went up, like getting them for tables to replace them with 539 00:37:41.520 --> 00:37:45.600 this was a system that wound its way through this building. 540 00:37:47.370 --> 00:37:50.250 The idea with beta was she is launched. 541 00:37:54.030 --> 00:37:58.200 Back in special filters, which were just beginning to get into 542 00:37:58.860 --> 00:38:03.210 to the use of the Livermore, which I will be covered by doing 543 00:38:03.210 --> 00:38:08.460 long past spatial filtering. We also did a lot of fiber moldman 544 00:38:08.460 --> 00:38:08.670 and 545 00:38:09.780 --> 00:38:13.380 more annex including Active mirror amplifiers, and shown 546 00:38:13.380 --> 00:38:17.400 here it's one of the guys who was involved in that on Lewis G. 547 00:38:17.910 --> 00:38:19.050 There are a number of others. 548 00:38:21.120 --> 00:38:22.080 Dave Brown was 549 00:38:23.460 --> 00:38:27.150 quickly considered a lot of uniformity stuff. Jack I think 550 00:38:27.150 --> 00:38:30.900 was important time when we were students of color. 551 00:38:32.730 --> 00:38:36.660 Doing all this kind of stuff. 552 00:38:38.730 --> 00:38:44.520 Oh, one infamous experiment was to set up the Rado fire inciting 553 00:38:45.030 --> 00:38:49.890 mock Senator barometer, and then fire it. The whole thing great 554 00:38:49.920 --> 00:38:54.210 was black thought there was a huge explosion. After the shot 555 00:38:54.210 --> 00:38:57.630 that we found a big hole burned through the blacked off. Of 556 00:38:57.630 --> 00:38:58.950 course, the whole thing escalated. 557 00:39:01.020 --> 00:39:03.510 Largest oscillator ever made, performing. 558 00:39:05.610 --> 00:39:09.330 Better performance fell short of our expectations and 559 00:39:09.330 --> 00:39:15.240 specifications given this inability to spatial filter. So 560 00:39:15.240 --> 00:39:18.390 here's the staging diagram for it, it went up to about 100 561 00:39:18.390 --> 00:39:22.710 Depending on your amplifiers and up to about 64 million people a 562 00:39:22.710 --> 00:39:25.860 pretty decent once you guys didn't mind me putting the 10. 563 00:39:26.790 --> 00:39:30.270 Below, the beam started to fall apart, partly because of the 564 00:39:30.390 --> 00:39:34.860 quality of the Flies apart, they also be preserved. Now then here 565 00:39:35.370 --> 00:39:40.890 are some folks in those type of places after fires circuit up to 566 00:39:40.890 --> 00:39:46.830 maybe a couple 100 gigawatts, certainly not close to the not 567 00:39:46.830 --> 00:39:48.960 as high as the original specification. 568 00:39:50.790 --> 00:39:52.020 We had a big review 569 00:39:53.040 --> 00:39:57.270 of beta. This is the book that was generated for that courtesy 570 00:39:57.270 --> 00:39:59.760 of Joe bunkered work and 571 00:40:00.539 --> 00:40:06.299 that's led to a completely new design that became GDL. And I'll 572 00:40:06.299 --> 00:40:08.369 show you a slide player. 573 00:40:10.139 --> 00:40:15.419 But a big part of the early design of the profeta GDL. And 574 00:40:15.449 --> 00:40:19.259 all the laser systems has been phosphate plus beta marked the 575 00:40:19.259 --> 00:40:23.339 first time this unity of possible was used in the large 576 00:40:23.369 --> 00:40:28.229 Indian class system. And he knew that development, of course, was 577 00:40:28.229 --> 00:40:33.419 cheap games was shown here in 1976. The base ago, the 578 00:40:33.419 --> 00:40:38.459 representative employer and tourism economy, who was the 579 00:40:38.549 --> 00:40:43.319 laser glass scientist at Boyer, who had worked worked with us 580 00:40:43.319 --> 00:40:43.859 ever since. 581 00:40:46.560 --> 00:40:50.940 Steve was able to develop a very close working relationship with 582 00:40:52.500 --> 00:40:59.460 Sephora, and that really was key to the work and all the leaders 583 00:40:59.460 --> 00:41:01.080 that we've closed since then. 584 00:41:05.280 --> 00:41:09.690 Another major area of development that we've been able 585 00:41:09.690 --> 00:41:11.010 to touch on any kind of thing 586 00:41:12.330 --> 00:41:14.790 is called Pulse generation and shaking. 587 00:41:16.050 --> 00:41:19.620 I think that's also right for 588 00:41:21.120 --> 00:41:21.840 itself. 589 00:41:24.240 --> 00:41:27.420 Eloise pulse variation in development began and nervous 590 00:41:27.420 --> 00:41:29.970 during the beta project. We'll see that here 591 00:41:31.410 --> 00:41:34.920 are some of the early contributors to that efforts in 592 00:41:35.190 --> 00:41:39.960 this diagram and motions in wolf's own handwriting 593 00:41:41.520 --> 00:41:46.920 shows you the design of the data mill shaping system which is 594 00:41:46.920 --> 00:41:47.400 based on 595 00:41:49.590 --> 00:41:50.520 testing tested the 596 00:41:52.080 --> 00:41:52.620 oscillator 597 00:41:55.230 --> 00:41:56.250 the amplifiers 598 00:41:57.900 --> 00:42:01.620 the right so, first I pointed out where the focus of the 599 00:42:01.680 --> 00:42:06.780 development effort and what the show here is one of the early 600 00:42:06.780 --> 00:42:09.150 amplifiers sitting here depending on your diameter 601 00:42:09.150 --> 00:42:13.740 amplifier. To give you an idea of what those rods are, this was 602 00:42:13.740 --> 00:42:17.040 a piece of plastic that was used in that particular amplifier, 603 00:42:17.040 --> 00:42:21.360 but maybe one of the predecessors as a test prod 604 00:42:22.110 --> 00:42:25.710 prior to actually putting laser glasses. And you can see after 605 00:42:25.710 --> 00:42:29.040 one shot, the plastic just completely exploded 606 00:42:30.570 --> 00:42:30.900 like 607 00:42:33.870 --> 00:42:34.740 these were 608 00:42:36.270 --> 00:42:40.290 that particular aperture was large enough that it was not a 609 00:42:40.290 --> 00:42:43.650 very effective amplifier, because you have to make the 610 00:42:43.650 --> 00:42:48.990 doping concentration. So load to get a uniform gain that the 611 00:42:49.050 --> 00:42:54.630 efficiency standard finish, the actual material of the class 612 00:42:55.230 --> 00:42:56.070 rods is 613 00:42:58.680 --> 00:43:01.920 subsequent to the beta review, which took place in January of 614 00:43:02.220 --> 00:43:03.420 1977. 615 00:43:05.040 --> 00:43:08.670 We agreed on a quantized mega construction 616 00:43:09.810 --> 00:43:14.850 path GDL which is one main prototype was authorized, the 617 00:43:14.850 --> 00:43:17.310 staff was still downstairs in the 618 00:43:19.710 --> 00:43:19.980 meeting. 619 00:43:22.740 --> 00:43:27.300 special filters and imaging laser Bolton was designed to 620 00:43:27.300 --> 00:43:29.220 bring it up to power you dropped the 621 00:43:30.840 --> 00:43:34.350 largest aperture was the 90 millimeter for fire. 622 00:43:37.110 --> 00:43:43.080 The system was GDL was proven within about nine months to beta 623 00:43:43.140 --> 00:43:47.520 design, basically southern construction in the 40s the 624 00:43:47.520 --> 00:43:53.850 initial phobias that you may got began. And those the successful 625 00:43:53.880 --> 00:43:56.790 demonstration of those four meetings was a requirement for 626 00:43:56.790 --> 00:43:59.790 completing the rest of the system. We actually both 627 00:43:59.850 --> 00:44:02.520 sixteenths and they found that systems data 628 00:44:03.660 --> 00:44:06.540 so that we would have the capability to actually shoot 629 00:44:06.540 --> 00:44:07.110 targets. 630 00:44:08.580 --> 00:44:11.670 Even though Doa was not paying for all four means that the time 631 00:44:11.880 --> 00:44:15.630 goes have actually been picked up as part of the negotiating 632 00:44:15.630 --> 00:44:18.990 process that included the incurred costs. 633 00:44:21.720 --> 00:44:26.670 And it was actually a neat system from the point of view of 634 00:44:26.670 --> 00:44:27.600 doing experiments. 635 00:44:29.040 --> 00:44:32.220 GDL performance still exceeds specification specifications, 636 00:44:32.610 --> 00:44:39.540 and it was built in a matter of months. Here is a the layout of 637 00:44:39.540 --> 00:44:39.990 the 638 00:44:41.610 --> 00:44:45.600 initial layout of Virginia laser. And here you see some of 639 00:44:45.600 --> 00:44:46.530 the performance 640 00:44:47.820 --> 00:44:50.280 photographs. This was a 46 picosecond 641 00:44:51.390 --> 00:44:51.870 pulse 642 00:44:52.890 --> 00:44:55.200 at 33 joules the power of 643 00:44:56.280 --> 00:44:57.660 700 gigawatts 644 00:45:00.719 --> 00:45:04.949 Jason was the project manager for the full mega project and 645 00:45:04.949 --> 00:45:09.899 integrated the URS efforts with a team from Eastman Kodak 646 00:45:10.920 --> 00:45:15.630 was contracted to bring in a huge engineering team, which was 647 00:45:15.630 --> 00:45:16.740 Resident on site 648 00:45:17.880 --> 00:45:21.390 for the second was totally integrated with our own 649 00:45:21.390 --> 00:45:23.160 engineering departments 650 00:45:24.180 --> 00:45:27.960 to do the design, and engineering and construction, 651 00:45:28.020 --> 00:45:31.200 and actually the early operation of mega 652 00:45:32.880 --> 00:45:38.280 zeta, which is shown here on the Star Chamber back here was 653 00:45:38.280 --> 00:45:42.570 actually the third step towards Omega like to see if this was a 654 00:45:42.570 --> 00:45:46.530 target chamber it actually used workfast optics feature 1.2 655 00:45:46.530 --> 00:45:52.140 Multi element, it's ferric optics and produced some 656 00:45:52.140 --> 00:45:53.310 interesting results. 657 00:45:54.990 --> 00:45:58.380 The amplifiers through amplifiers developed for the 658 00:45:58.380 --> 00:46:04.140 zeta and omega system. And shown here it's an at home Euro fire 659 00:46:04.170 --> 00:46:09.930 along with black swan was a key player on and Steve Jacobs 660 00:46:11.430 --> 00:46:16.050 with a 72 millimeter pocket. So we dropped the cryogenic or the 661 00:46:16.050 --> 00:46:21.210 superconducting very rotators. In beta beta was the last system 662 00:46:21.210 --> 00:46:25.620 where we actually tried to use those. And by this time, large 663 00:46:25.620 --> 00:46:30.660 aperture model cells became available. And this was the 664 00:46:30.660 --> 00:46:34.080 first time we've tried 72 millimeter diameter Paco cells 665 00:46:34.590 --> 00:46:38.130 for isolation back reflected light in the system. 666 00:46:41.340 --> 00:46:44.940 Xena the 60s system was inaugurated for the first time 667 00:46:44.940 --> 00:46:45.960 and was inaugurated. 668 00:46:47.130 --> 00:46:50.130 In front of a wide audience this was I think the first time that 669 00:46:50.130 --> 00:46:53.340 a laser the size and probably the only time 670 00:46:54.480 --> 00:46:59.220 the laser of this size was demonstrated in front of a live 671 00:46:59.220 --> 00:47:01.440 audience while the dignitaries 672 00:47:04.410 --> 00:47:05.400 shown here is 673 00:47:06.930 --> 00:47:11.790 kind of important typing in the fire command to see John who's 674 00:47:12.990 --> 00:47:14.130 hiding a snicker. 675 00:47:18.660 --> 00:47:20.370 Miss type the original fire 676 00:47:29.040 --> 00:47:30.030 guessing the 677 00:47:31.860 --> 00:47:36.570 assembled people. My job on this one was to simply watch the 678 00:47:36.600 --> 00:47:39.660 neutrons counter and do the appropriate multiplication to 679 00:47:39.660 --> 00:47:41.340 convert that into neutrons. 680 00:47:42.630 --> 00:47:47.760 And the first shot on the on the One Shot basically we did get a 681 00:47:47.760 --> 00:47:51.660 yield of nine. These were floating pusher glass micro 682 00:47:51.660 --> 00:47:54.960 balloons. The only surprising thing about that yield was that 683 00:47:56.280 --> 00:47:59.820 the only time that we actually achieved the DTE all that high 684 00:47:59.820 --> 00:48:02.520 was about 24 hours in advance in the shop. 685 00:48:03.750 --> 00:48:05.730 So as you might imagine, this was a very 686 00:48:07.140 --> 00:48:08.700 nailbiting period. 687 00:48:10.290 --> 00:48:13.350 There were a number of permits to carry out in this later this 688 00:48:13.350 --> 00:48:17.100 shows you the natural image of pain on the shots these are 689 00:48:17.100 --> 00:48:22.230 relatively small targets are 30 micron glass microphones. And 690 00:48:22.230 --> 00:48:25.710 for the first time we also did particle imaging, I'm using 691 00:48:25.710 --> 00:48:26.850 alpha plates. 692 00:48:28.020 --> 00:48:28.500 So 693 00:48:30.210 --> 00:48:35.640 things like X ray measurements using spectral modeling 694 00:48:37.290 --> 00:48:41.580 Heisey gases dumped into the fuels are done those data 695 00:48:41.610 --> 00:48:43.470 directly started back in Delta. 696 00:48:46.320 --> 00:48:47.760 We find that technology 697 00:48:50.880 --> 00:48:52.830 began operations in the 1980s 698 00:48:54.060 --> 00:48:59.400 because they took dry system. And I show you here a picture of 699 00:48:59.730 --> 00:49:05.160 that later. So as it looked like it was strictly an IR system. 700 00:49:08.280 --> 00:49:09.570 The staff 701 00:49:10.860 --> 00:49:16.650 mid construction and you see it as the target area structures 702 00:49:16.650 --> 00:49:20.760 for mega before they were painted blue. But here to see 703 00:49:20.760 --> 00:49:21.180 the 704 00:49:22.230 --> 00:49:24.840 engineering and scientific and 705 00:49:26.040 --> 00:49:29.280 administrative staff all together. You see a young man 706 00:49:29.280 --> 00:49:32.400 here who may recognize that's probably correct. 707 00:49:34.410 --> 00:49:39.300 Bob came to the labs in 1976. 708 00:49:40.440 --> 00:49:44.070 As a young man out of Los Alamos 709 00:49:45.570 --> 00:49:49.830 in joining the theoretical group here, it became a theory 710 00:49:49.830 --> 00:49:51.990 division director in 79. 711 00:49:57.600 --> 00:49:59.970 We continue we delete exploring 712 00:50:00.000 --> 00:50:03.810 Very technology of in GDL. Now 713 00:50:05.430 --> 00:50:08.580 I can Mears, for those of you who are not familiar with that 714 00:50:09.210 --> 00:50:12.300 statistic was slab of glass that has putting in one side that 715 00:50:12.390 --> 00:50:16.260 reflects in a one micron light, but also passes pump light. So 716 00:50:16.260 --> 00:50:20.340 you can actually physically pump these devices to the one side 717 00:50:21.120 --> 00:50:23.880 and bringing the laser beam from the front end reflected 718 00:50:25.080 --> 00:50:28.320 and therefore get a relatively efficient the 719 00:50:30.150 --> 00:50:32.790 there are problems with this, as you might imagine, not the least 720 00:50:32.790 --> 00:50:36.930 of which is getting good coatings and pandemics. 721 00:50:37.200 --> 00:50:40.080 Displaying better at this time, we were still hoping we could 722 00:50:40.080 --> 00:50:43.260 develop something of high power and the GDL. 723 00:50:44.940 --> 00:50:48.120 A number of these tests continued for a while we 724 00:50:48.120 --> 00:50:52.050 actually use the neck mirror as the last amplifier in 725 00:50:53.310 --> 00:50:56.910 a system that was actually putting energy on target. So 726 00:50:56.910 --> 00:50:57.660 here's Jerry. 727 00:50:58.800 --> 00:51:01.320 Just in one of these things. Eventually, 728 00:51:02.340 --> 00:51:05.910 he was dropped as a high powered device, but thoughts have been 729 00:51:05.910 --> 00:51:08.880 using this for high average power systems continued and Jack 730 00:51:08.880 --> 00:51:15.600 Kelly and company eventually made a small active mirror for 731 00:51:16.050 --> 00:51:17.430 under contract to date. 732 00:51:20.160 --> 00:51:21.840 So those kinds of toys 733 00:51:24.180 --> 00:51:25.260 while at the same time 734 00:51:27.000 --> 00:51:31.950 a young man from France arrived on the scene, Gerard grew up, 735 00:51:32.220 --> 00:51:34.920 Gerard had a fascination with everything fast. 736 00:51:36.030 --> 00:51:37.020 So, 737 00:51:38.340 --> 00:51:41.280 one of the first things he did he joined us for this young man 738 00:51:41.400 --> 00:51:44.550 who you may recognize the current director of Ministry of 739 00:51:44.550 --> 00:51:45.150 optics 740 00:51:46.770 --> 00:51:50.670 to demonstrate high power switching with peak effect with 741 00:51:50.670 --> 00:51:51.210 precision. 742 00:51:52.830 --> 00:51:58.620 This is possible in early publications, that whole area of 743 00:51:58.620 --> 00:52:01.590 using light and electronics 744 00:52:02.910 --> 00:52:08.400 power skills and Pico seconds or less begin at that time is not 745 00:52:08.400 --> 00:52:08.640 just 746 00:52:10.230 --> 00:52:14.220 another very important aspect of the program. Here the time was 747 00:52:14.220 --> 00:52:19.560 the coding and topical application of sem Rush 748 00:52:21.420 --> 00:52:23.340 was given the challenge of putting together a coding 749 00:52:23.340 --> 00:52:27.540 facility that basically built on the original instead of optics 750 00:52:27.570 --> 00:52:31.830 facilities. And he got that built in gather. 751 00:52:32.850 --> 00:52:37.080 Some of these supplied all the comings from Ai eventually that 752 00:52:37.380 --> 00:52:43.020 turned into our home. And he was back in the first century. 753 00:52:45.180 --> 00:52:52.740 optical materials course, very key elements here. Show me Steve 754 00:52:52.740 --> 00:53:00.360 Jacobson and his friends with one of the Baltics that got him 755 00:53:00.360 --> 00:53:04.050 to come in here and be 100 with the crystals. 756 00:53:08.520 --> 00:53:16.500 But as Samsung habit, the long wavelength, IR systems were 757 00:53:16.620 --> 00:53:21.270 found to be unsuitable for ICs. By the late 70s, there was an 758 00:53:21.270 --> 00:53:23.850 urgent need for shorter wavelength laser radiation. 759 00:53:24.960 --> 00:53:25.380 This 760 00:53:26.610 --> 00:53:29.910 came about because the data was coming from co2 experiments at 761 00:53:29.910 --> 00:53:33.210 Los Alamos, the emerging experiments from our facility in 762 00:53:33.210 --> 00:53:39.360 Livermore was theoretical calculations, recording Morse 763 00:53:39.990 --> 00:53:40.380 during 764 00:53:41.430 --> 00:53:41.970 the course. 765 00:53:45.090 --> 00:53:48.690 By 76, Bob left plus one was because he was 766 00:53:49.710 --> 00:53:53.100 pretty certain that co2 was being done there the number word 767 00:53:53.430 --> 00:53:56.880 he became enamored with the book here say came to join 768 00:53:59.730 --> 00:54:05.190 in 79, of the laboratory was organized in divisions 769 00:54:05.190 --> 00:54:08.430 theoretical experimental engineering, and Bob was put in 770 00:54:08.430 --> 00:54:12.000 charge of your job I was in charge of experimental J. 771 00:54:13.980 --> 00:54:16.860 Responsibility for engineering including the construction of 772 00:54:16.860 --> 00:54:17.370 omega. 773 00:54:19.110 --> 00:54:23.760 We initiated a joint program that crossed all these divisions 774 00:54:24.360 --> 00:54:29.700 in the late 70s and 1979, to be exact the efficient way about 775 00:54:29.700 --> 00:54:33.150 converting the class using systems 776 00:54:34.440 --> 00:54:38.730 and whatever that was an efficient demonstration of 777 00:54:38.730 --> 00:54:42.120 efficient technical live generation in 1980. 778 00:54:43.440 --> 00:54:46.260 The group included Steve Paxton of Sica, 779 00:54:47.520 --> 00:54:52.140 Joe Rizzo, Bob voyeuristic Jacobs, and the thing that 780 00:54:52.140 --> 00:54:56.400 really worked with this idea of Steve's polarization mismatch 781 00:54:56.400 --> 00:54:58.170 chain which is still being used, 782 00:54:59.280 --> 00:54:59.970 which is to 783 00:55:00.000 --> 00:55:04.500 typed interpreters intended to generate high efficiency 784 00:55:04.500 --> 00:55:07.770 theoretically up to 100% efficiency. And what you see 785 00:55:07.770 --> 00:55:13.920 here is the GDL Bay going and the self liked from, from the 786 00:55:13.950 --> 00:55:17.370 crystals in green and blue during that time. 787 00:55:19.590 --> 00:55:22.050 That time that rich area of 788 00:55:23.490 --> 00:55:28.050 happiness turned into some sadness in the early 80s was 789 00:55:28.470 --> 00:55:32.160 1981 a little bit of luck, the laboratory, of course, Ohio, 790 00:55:32.670 --> 00:55:36.840 become vice president in charge of their research division. 791 00:55:37.980 --> 00:55:43.020 Jason picked up the puzzle and became employer director. 792 00:55:44.880 --> 00:55:47.670 Unfortunately, at the same time, the industrial sponsors of the 793 00:55:47.970 --> 00:55:51.720 program started losing affinity for fusion research because of 794 00:55:51.750 --> 00:55:53.040 Three Mile Island. 795 00:56:03.330 --> 00:56:05.220 Today, we have 796 00:56:06.360 --> 00:56:09.540 John Suarez here. And he's going to tell us about the history of 797 00:56:09.540 --> 00:56:12.570 leisure said Ella Lee, and he's going to concentrate on periods 798 00:56:12.570 --> 00:56:18.840 between 1965 to 1995. Just a few words about John. You know, he's 799 00:56:18.840 --> 00:56:21.810 the manager of the national laser users facility here at 800 00:56:22.140 --> 00:56:25.680 LLD, and he's also the coordinator of external users 801 00:56:26.700 --> 00:56:32.280 of the Omega laser system. Since joining the laboratory in 1970, 802 00:56:32.280 --> 00:56:34.590 and becoming a senior scientist in 1972, 803 00:56:35.670 --> 00:56:40.110 Dr. Kurtz, John has held a variety of leadership positions, 804 00:56:40.440 --> 00:56:43.710 group leader for the class leader development and laser 805 00:56:43.710 --> 00:56:47.580 fusion experiments groups, Deputy Director of rally 806 00:56:47.730 --> 00:56:50.310 director of the experimental division and Deputy Project 807 00:56:50.310 --> 00:56:53.280 Manager for NIF. Lee. 808 00:56:54.600 --> 00:56:59.880 So he received his BS from the University of Rochester in 1965, 809 00:57:00.960 --> 00:57:03.570 and an MS in mechanical engineering and aerospace 810 00:57:03.570 --> 00:57:08.670 sciences, 1967, and then a PhD in the same department in 1970. 811 00:57:09.360 --> 00:57:13.230 He has authored and co authored for presenting more than 250 812 00:57:13.230 --> 00:57:16.740 publications and technical papers, and he's the CO inventor 813 00:57:16.740 --> 00:57:20.760 of three laser technology patents. So let's welcome 814 00:57:20.760 --> 00:57:21.330 Jonathan. 815 00:57:28.290 --> 00:57:32.430 Before we start, I just want to point out that I approach this 816 00:57:32.430 --> 00:57:34.230 test with a bit of trepidation. 817 00:57:36.510 --> 00:57:39.330 Because as most of you know, if you try to do a 818 00:57:40.440 --> 00:57:44.640 past history, you're almost always gonna wind up making some 819 00:57:44.670 --> 00:57:50.850 mistakes, omissions and gross distortions. And I apologize for 820 00:57:50.850 --> 00:57:52.710 those from the beginning. 821 00:57:54.000 --> 00:57:57.600 I'm sure that many will point them out to me as we go along, 822 00:57:57.600 --> 00:57:59.490 or perhaps might wait until the end. 823 00:58:03.300 --> 00:58:06.660 Excited to testify to the first 30 years because I felt that in 824 00:58:06.660 --> 00:58:07.350 order to do 825 00:58:08.400 --> 00:58:10.020 an even cursory glance, 826 00:58:12.030 --> 00:58:13.230 this institution 827 00:58:15.570 --> 00:58:18.450 could not really be fit into an hour timescale. 828 00:58:19.980 --> 00:58:23.310 And even at that there are a number of elements so that the 829 00:58:23.310 --> 00:58:28.530 moment that in detail, could use a full presentation themselves. 830 00:58:28.530 --> 00:58:31.200 And they speak to things like Goslar development, 831 00:58:32.460 --> 00:58:33.870 practical OpSec sense, 832 00:58:35.190 --> 00:58:40.140 and so on. And those I think, perhaps, we can encourage and 833 00:58:40.140 --> 00:58:44.790 entice some of the participants to think about think that offer 834 00:58:44.790 --> 00:58:46.950 a future presentation. 835 00:58:48.330 --> 00:58:49.500 So food for thought. 836 00:58:51.330 --> 00:58:53.940 Let me just start off by pointing out that just you 837 00:58:53.940 --> 00:58:58.110 caught him at a large scale, the history of lasers that only can 838 00:58:58.110 --> 00:59:01.950 be presented as a caliber tripod, learning products. 839 00:59:03.030 --> 00:59:07.470 And it's more or less linear starting from about 100 840 00:59:07.470 --> 00:59:12.360 gigawatts back in the mid 60s To where we hope to be an area 841 00:59:12.450 --> 00:59:14.280 petawatt in a few years. 842 00:59:15.390 --> 00:59:18.390 The period that we'll concentrate for this 843 00:59:18.390 --> 00:59:22.110 presentation is mysterious period, we went from 100 844 00:59:22.110 --> 00:59:24.090 gigawatts to about 100 counts. 845 00:59:27.510 --> 00:59:30.450 First of all electric knowledge, a number of people have 846 00:59:30.450 --> 00:59:35.250 contributed to this talk starting with Bob who of course, 847 00:59:36.300 --> 00:59:40.710 wrote a an interesting history of personal history 848 00:59:41.970 --> 00:59:45.390 of himself as well as the last for a contribution to an 849 00:59:45.390 --> 00:59:50.220 upcoming book. So those last year and then use the A lot of 850 00:59:50.220 --> 00:59:53.280 the background from that to structure some of 851 00:59:54.960 --> 00:59:57.990 the only publication side illustrations portrait of course 852 00:59:57.990 --> 00:59:59.970 of distributed commencing in terms 853 01:00:00.000 --> 01:00:05.040 sort of doing all the illustrations scanning require. 854 01:00:06.810 --> 01:00:11.940 The presentation is replete with process by Eugene Corolla. I've 855 01:00:11.940 --> 01:00:15.510 not sure how many pictures that are in there, Eugene did not, 856 01:00:16.260 --> 01:00:16.950 probably not 857 01:00:18.779 --> 01:00:20.219 perhaps the very early ones. 858 01:00:21.900 --> 01:00:26.040 There's a book came out for the 75th anniversary of the use of 859 01:00:26.040 --> 01:00:30.930 optics that I've used for some of the material. The book is 860 01:00:30.930 --> 01:00:34.740 called Julian, you may have seen that the notes were useful. 861 01:00:36.150 --> 01:00:40.170 Some of the photography and illustrations from the older 862 01:00:41.160 --> 01:00:44.550 from the earlier years are now stored as part of the workbooks 863 01:00:44.550 --> 01:00:47.280 and Special Collections of the University of Rochester 864 01:00:47.670 --> 01:00:52.140 libraries. And finally, I would be remiss if I didn't point out 865 01:00:52.140 --> 01:00:56.430 the number of people in here named Jack Kelly, Joe 866 01:00:56.430 --> 01:01:00.060 Mockingbird made Monaco secret John showing just for an hour, 867 01:01:00.480 --> 01:01:05.130 and others have contributed the thoughts and material actually 868 01:01:06.000 --> 01:01:06.780 actually brought 869 01:01:09.000 --> 01:01:11.820 the class that he uses for millions of tourists and God 870 01:01:11.820 --> 01:01:13.380 shone brightly. 871 01:01:16.140 --> 01:01:19.620 His collection that you'll see later on in the photograph. 872 01:01:22.590 --> 01:01:27.240 As a preface, I just thought for you these few thoughts here been 873 01:01:27.240 --> 01:01:31.260 taken seriously, but they I think they do express some of 874 01:01:31.260 --> 01:01:31.650 the 875 01:01:32.880 --> 01:01:34.650 background of the laboratory 876 01:01:35.820 --> 01:01:42.030 in terms of imagination in terms of creativity, in the fear of 877 01:01:42.090 --> 01:01:46.350 being wrong. And in terms of 878 01:01:47.430 --> 01:01:50.160 problems and opportunities, check in developer that. 879 01:01:52.740 --> 01:01:56.580 First of all, to set it in some kind of a context that point out 880 01:01:56.580 --> 01:02:03.000 that lasers have their beginning probably in the 20th century 881 01:02:03.000 --> 01:02:06.720 back in 1970s. And Einstein came up with the concept of 882 01:02:06.720 --> 01:02:11.730 stimulated emission. Nothing, nothing happened much in terms 883 01:02:11.730 --> 01:02:16.470 of actually making a realizable system that made use of this 884 01:02:16.470 --> 01:02:21.330 constant for the 50s. Some people that were working with 885 01:02:21.390 --> 01:02:25.020 microwave radar during the war years, turned their attention to 886 01:02:25.230 --> 01:02:28.710 chords occurred subjects and came up with the idea of the 887 01:02:28.710 --> 01:02:31.770 maser. Microwave amplification by 888 01:02:34.440 --> 01:02:36.750 making 1000 shallot Lhasa to put 889 01:02:37.980 --> 01:02:41.100 those two groups independently came up with this and 890 01:02:42.300 --> 01:02:46.560 Rowcroft rewarded themselves Nobel Prize in 1964 for the 891 01:02:46.560 --> 01:02:47.520 major concepts 892 01:02:48.540 --> 01:02:51.360 later on in 1958, the optical 893 01:02:52.500 --> 01:02:59.610 analog of this was devised by Townsend shallow and shot shell 894 01:02:59.610 --> 01:03:00.090 out which 895 01:03:01.560 --> 01:03:05.100 is brother and Nicholas blurb were 896 01:03:06.150 --> 01:03:10.560 joined in a part of the Nobel Prize in 1981 for their 897 01:03:10.560 --> 01:03:12.630 contributions to this 898 01:03:14.400 --> 01:03:15.060 invention. 899 01:03:18.450 --> 01:03:26.070 In the 1958, Gordon Gould came up with ideas that wanted to be 900 01:03:26.070 --> 01:03:26.910 latest patents. 901 01:03:28.380 --> 01:03:32.760 It wasn't submitted early enough to be accepted as as a patent 902 01:03:32.760 --> 01:03:36.690 for laser early on, and most people I think, 903 01:03:38.070 --> 01:03:43.230 similar to others, for instance, in the 60s, movie was 904 01:03:44.430 --> 01:03:48.600 demonstrated by Damon Hughes, but 905 01:03:51.300 --> 01:03:56.850 did not persisted in his lateral and after almost 20 years of 906 01:03:56.910 --> 01:03:57.600 legal 907 01:03:58.680 --> 01:04:03.840 action. He was awarded the original invention for a 908 01:04:03.840 --> 01:04:04.890 nonprofit company. 909 01:04:05.910 --> 01:04:11.340 And we benefited several million dollars, even after subtracting 910 01:04:11.340 --> 01:04:12.810 all the legal costs of insurance. 911 01:04:14.880 --> 01:04:17.850 So he is more or less credited in 912 01:04:19.950 --> 01:04:23.670 1960, our July demonstrated first guests later 913 01:04:26.100 --> 01:04:31.020 and making 61 electrolyze Snitzer at American optical 914 01:04:31.440 --> 01:04:36.300 invented the glass laser, and that's where our story began. 915 01:04:39.090 --> 01:04:43.290 Then if you look at where the University of Rochester 916 01:04:44.340 --> 01:04:51.300 is in this area, before I leave the military 1960 to 65 There 917 01:04:51.300 --> 01:04:57.480 were steps taken, eventually led to where we are now. Mainly in 918 01:04:57.480 --> 01:04:58.800 1960 Hopkins 919 01:05:00.000 --> 01:05:03.750 thought about topics in a war organized the first Rochester 920 01:05:03.750 --> 01:05:07.710 conference on coherence in quantum optics. And that has 921 01:05:07.710 --> 01:05:12.120 continued over the years. Premier conference in this field 922 01:05:12.150 --> 01:05:15.390 will certainly lead to the 923 01:05:16.590 --> 01:05:21.780 establishment of very intense will working on an optics laser 924 01:05:22.020 --> 01:05:22.740 on the west. 925 01:05:23.970 --> 01:05:28.890 In 1961, Mike Fisher, who was a student at the time, started 926 01:05:28.890 --> 01:05:32.430 working with Ruby lasers. And he 927 01:05:33.930 --> 01:05:38.850 was intimately involved in starting with the laboratory and 928 01:05:38.850 --> 01:05:40.170 by demonstrating how 929 01:05:41.820 --> 01:05:42.090 to 930 01:05:43.680 --> 01:05:45.390 manage the eventually started the lab. 931 01:05:48.150 --> 01:05:51.570 I want to point out that the early 60s Kodak developed, we 932 01:05:51.570 --> 01:05:56.790 had been doing glass and then the 11, which they use, they 933 01:05:56.790 --> 01:06:02.040 have to use for a medical laser line. One of those pieces of 934 01:06:02.040 --> 01:06:06.720 glasses is a couple of foot long piece here with John showing up. 935 01:06:09.570 --> 01:06:13.470 As the case for many things Kodak has done over the years, 936 01:06:13.890 --> 01:06:15.720 by the mid 60s codec veterans. 937 01:06:17.310 --> 01:06:21.150 And the good part of that is when it came to beneficiaries, 938 01:06:21.870 --> 01:06:26.250 or care paths, their amplifiers and a lot of the electronics 939 01:06:26.250 --> 01:06:27.840 that went with it. And 940 01:06:28.890 --> 01:06:34.590 that set up motion looping, who was a young PhD at Cornell, he 941 01:06:34.590 --> 01:06:40.920 came to the University in 1965 and got enamored with lasers 942 01:06:40.920 --> 01:06:44.340 after he saw my crushers demonstrations 943 01:06:45.840 --> 01:06:47.220 to get into the 944 01:06:49.980 --> 01:06:52.680 exploring the attraction of lasers. Hi, finally. 945 01:06:56.190 --> 01:07:00.840 He set up a laboratory and hopefully, a number of graduate 946 01:07:00.840 --> 01:07:04.260 students including myself, were involved in the actual 947 01:07:04.440 --> 01:07:09.600 construction of that lab and benefited from the codec dip. 948 01:07:12.090 --> 01:07:16.500 By putting together a series of rapid fires in the last layer, 949 01:07:17.010 --> 01:07:21.210 and what became eventually the first laser at all the alpha, 950 01:07:22.410 --> 01:07:25.530 the initial lasers that led emphasize short pulse capability 951 01:07:25.530 --> 01:07:28.830 so they were typically less than 100 pico second pulse width 952 01:07:28.830 --> 01:07:33.900 thermoblock Castlewood mutlak using these put x di central 953 01:07:33.900 --> 01:07:38.130 absorbers. This laser particular was the 954 01:07:39.330 --> 01:07:44.970 the thesis topic for GA debate. One of the first students 955 01:07:46.860 --> 01:07:49.320 was jointly supervised by Microsoft in 956 01:07:51.480 --> 01:07:53.940 Georgia, as many of you know went on to work at Owens, 957 01:07:53.940 --> 01:07:59.850 Illinois and then to Douglas has been quite active in the bulk 958 01:08:01.680 --> 01:08:06.360 of many different types and sizes of niobium glass modifiers 959 01:08:06.360 --> 01:08:09.570 were developed at that time, and they're tested. 960 01:08:10.890 --> 01:08:12.600 The one year 961 01:08:13.740 --> 01:08:16.830 blow up of the Kodak rock single 962 01:08:18.360 --> 01:08:22.920 Black Rod total length, which is approaching 963 01:08:26.160 --> 01:08:31.530 the 38 millimeter rod but one of the other devilment was, at the 964 01:08:31.530 --> 01:08:32.730 time normal gold black 965 01:08:33.870 --> 01:08:34.590 design. 966 01:08:35.610 --> 01:08:40.620 This was 38 millimeters of laser glass. On the outside there was 967 01:08:41.460 --> 01:08:44.880 an absorbing material from one of the six to cut down parasitic 968 01:08:45.510 --> 01:08:46.290 oscillations. 969 01:08:48.120 --> 01:08:48.690 And then 970 01:08:49.740 --> 01:08:54.780 some commercial amplifiers such as this 64 millimeter Apollo 971 01:08:55.590 --> 01:08:59.310 amplifier, which had the unfortunate characteristic of 972 01:08:59.310 --> 01:09:02.130 being a little flashlight for 973 01:09:03.300 --> 01:09:07.050 every once in a while. This underwent a violent explosion. 974 01:09:08.340 --> 01:09:12.660 What you see here are the pieces of this amplifier, you're 975 01:09:13.170 --> 01:09:15.810 interested in looking at this particular piece of sitting on 976 01:09:15.810 --> 01:09:16.410 my desk. 977 01:09:20.550 --> 01:09:23.550 We also explored the possibility of discounts as far as the 978 01:09:23.550 --> 01:09:27.690 notion of particular got a contract with Los Alamos to 979 01:09:27.720 --> 01:09:31.890 demonstrate a discount for fire and I think this idea came from 980 01:09:31.890 --> 01:09:35.100 some work that Livermore was doing same time and then some 981 01:09:35.100 --> 01:09:35.550 people 982 01:09:36.630 --> 01:09:38.550 and RL John eminent company. 983 01:09:39.630 --> 01:09:40.230 Anyways, 984 01:09:42.300 --> 01:09:46.380 he had this little bit of this system with very long 985 01:09:47.460 --> 01:09:49.770 lifetimes the whole thing was water cooled. 986 01:09:51.840 --> 01:09:55.710 This young man here is the guy who was in charge of putting 987 01:09:55.710 --> 01:09:57.660 together all this hardware 988 01:09:58.680 --> 01:09:59.970 tronics party waste 989 01:10:00.000 --> 01:10:03.090 Real Estate monitors. Here's those of you who 990 01:10:06.450 --> 01:10:07.080 are aware of it. 991 01:10:09.360 --> 01:10:14.010 This particular amplifier had one significant drawback that 992 01:10:14.430 --> 01:10:19.380 was not realized until much later when George may having to 993 01:10:19.380 --> 01:10:22.560 be looking at it one day 70 those angles don't look right 994 01:10:23.610 --> 01:10:27.210 you know in this capsule fired me, the angle disc is 995 01:10:27.270 --> 01:10:29.760 essentially the Brewster's angle with respect to the being 996 01:10:30.300 --> 01:10:34.920 minimized reflection losses and it turned out when this was 997 01:10:34.920 --> 01:10:38.400 designed as the discs are set up to complement 998 01:10:40.410 --> 01:10:41.400 a huge loss 999 01:10:49.710 --> 01:10:54.570 laboratory practice, Chandos early days was more relaxed 1000 01:10:55.230 --> 01:10:57.510 standards aligned around 1001 01:11:00.570 --> 01:11:01.560 the students 1002 01:11:03.150 --> 01:11:03.540 picture 1003 01:11:09.120 --> 01:11:09.480 the 1004 01:11:10.830 --> 01:11:14.130 Georgia debate but you notice the bike 1005 01:11:15.150 --> 01:11:16.080 lock items 1006 01:11:17.490 --> 01:11:19.710 from a compliance that sticks together 1007 01:11:22.200 --> 01:11:22.770 typically 1008 01:11:24.330 --> 01:11:28.260 the early last year experiments were actually brought stroke of 1009 01:11:28.260 --> 01:11:30.450 anything you might use a laser for. So, 1010 01:11:31.830 --> 01:11:36.120 very first we started working with magnetically confinement 1011 01:11:36.120 --> 01:11:38.640 devices. There would say 1012 01:11:39.690 --> 01:11:41.520 levitated off 1013 01:11:43.650 --> 01:11:46.230 first device filled with 1014 01:11:47.280 --> 01:11:51.330 little droplets of lithium hydride were injected into 1015 01:11:51.750 --> 01:11:56.460 blasted with the high powered laser plasma film this device 1016 01:11:56.460 --> 01:12:00.870 and confining for some time this was done in collaboration with 1017 01:12:00.870 --> 01:12:02.310 Oak Ridge National Laboratory. 1018 01:12:05.130 --> 01:12:10.590 Another variant of that was a baseball coil geometry into 1019 01:12:10.590 --> 01:12:16.200 which we've lasted a little target that was suspended by 1020 01:12:16.200 --> 01:12:19.620 means of electromagnetic levitation system. So there were 1021 01:12:19.620 --> 01:12:23.130 no supports for this target. We started to pretty small but 1022 01:12:23.130 --> 01:12:27.330 going to 20 microns in diameter. And as usual policy come along 1023 01:12:27.330 --> 01:12:30.990 and last that is there. And then you've watched the expansions 1024 01:12:30.990 --> 01:12:32.670 plasma field. 1025 01:12:34.530 --> 01:12:37.470 My other experiments as a student was to investigate 1026 01:12:37.500 --> 01:12:42.060 theater action of a release of aluminum laser produce plasma in 1027 01:12:42.060 --> 01:12:47.580 the background, quiescent plasma for the cesium. It's an emetic 1028 01:12:47.580 --> 01:12:50.910 field, and the hope was to generate a coalition of the 1029 01:12:50.910 --> 01:12:54.060 shockwaves. Well, they never materialized. But in my thesis 1030 01:12:56.940 --> 01:13:02.280 the ultimate laser was operated in hopeless for a number of 1031 01:13:02.550 --> 01:13:07.770 experiments from the late 60s to the mid 70s. And you see here 1032 01:13:07.770 --> 01:13:10.530 some of the people that were involved in those experiments, 1033 01:13:10.530 --> 01:13:15.780 including how Bristow, who was here through the early 80s, and 1034 01:13:15.780 --> 01:13:18.810 then went on from his own company, Michael Phelan. How are 1035 01:13:19.830 --> 01:13:21.540 you is now director and yes, you have to 1036 01:13:22.830 --> 01:13:24.570 do the same, of course, 1037 01:13:25.830 --> 01:13:27.990 as everybody recognizes this gentleman. 1038 01:13:33.420 --> 01:13:35.820 Later fusion with their focus of the work 1039 01:13:36.840 --> 01:13:42.840 by the late 60s, and I believe that that was primarily because 1040 01:13:42.840 --> 01:13:45.660 of interactions that Moshe was having 1041 01:13:46.740 --> 01:13:49.590 classified meetings with Livermore, and then included 1042 01:13:49.590 --> 01:13:54.180 participation by Ray kiter. John knuckles, John Dawson, who was 1043 01:13:54.180 --> 01:13:59.070 kind of the mentor for many of us at that time in terms of 1044 01:13:59.340 --> 01:14:00.900 laser matter interaction, 1045 01:14:02.130 --> 01:14:02.880 physics. 1046 01:14:04.680 --> 01:14:08.790 Those meetings took place in a lot of the concepts that 1047 01:14:08.790 --> 01:14:11.100 eventually led to ICF as we 1048 01:14:12.480 --> 01:14:13.950 were formed at that time. 1049 01:14:14.970 --> 01:14:19.290 Here's a comment from Moshe his oral history, 1050 01:14:20.400 --> 01:14:25.320 who gets credit for rain for a lot of work and then early on at 1051 01:14:25.320 --> 01:14:26.880 Livermore particular, 1052 01:14:27.930 --> 01:14:30.780 the boldness to start working on this 1053 01:14:32.640 --> 01:14:37.620 laser color long path lasers and visited that laser back in 19.